Appendix B

Development of Manned Space Flight, American and Soviet

1959

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
LJ-1	21 Aug.	Unmanned	1,007	00:00:20	Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; evaluation of launch escape and recovery systems.	Objectives not met; abort initiated during countdown.
Big Joe	9 Sept.	Unmanned	1,159	00:13:00	Ballistic flight; evaluation of heat-protection concept, aerodynamic shape, and recovery system.	Successful.
LJ-6	4 Oct.	Unmanned	1,1341	00:05:10	Ballistic flight; qualification of launch vehicle structure; evaluation of command system.	Successful.
LJ-1A	4 Nov.	Unmanned	1,007	00:08:11	Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-1.	Primary objective not met: escape motor ignition was late.
LJ-2	4 Dec.	Rhesus monkey "Sam"	1,0071	00:11:06	High-altitude abort test; evaluation of launch, abort, and reentry dynamics; recovery.	Successful.

1960

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
LJ-IB	21 Jan.	Rhesus monkey "Miss Sam"	1,0071	00:08:35	Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-1A; evaluation of launch and abort.	Successful.
Beach abort	9 May	Unmanned	1,154	00:01:16	Off-the-pad abort test; qualification of structure and launch escape system for simulated pad abort.	Successful.
Korabl Sputnik I2	15 May	Simulated man	4,546	-	Place space cabin into orbit; test life support systems; recover cabin from orbit.	Put in near circular orbit; recovery operation malfunction, 19 May; burned up after 844 days.
MA-1	29 July	Unmanned	1,154	00:03:18	Ballistic flight; test of spacecraft/launch vehicle compatibility; thermal loads in critical abort.	Objectives not met; mission failed at about 60 sec after lift-off.
Korabl Sputnik II2	19 Aug.	Animals	4,600	25:00:00	Test of capsule and recovery system; evaluation of effects of space travel on biological payload (2 dogs, Strelka [Little Arrow] and Belka [Squirrel]; 12 mice; 2 rats; 15 flasks of fruit flies; plants).	Successful; 17+-orbit flight and recovery.
LJ-5	8 Nov.	Unmanned	1,1411	00:02:22	Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; qualification of launch escape system and structure.	Objectives not met; spacecraft did not separate from launch vehicle.
MR-1	21 Nov.	Simulated man	1,211	00:00:00	Suborbital flight; qualification of spacecraft/ launch vehicle compatibility; posigrades.	Test objectives not met; launch vehicle shut down at lift-off.
Korabl Sputnik III2	1 Dec.	Animals	4,563	24:00:001	Test of equipment for manned flights; evaluation of effects of space travel on biological payload (2 dogs, Pchelka [Bee] and Mushka [Little Fly]; mice; insects; plants).	Spacecraft burned up on unprogrammed reentry, 2 Dec.
MR-1A	19 Dec.	Unmanned	1,2111	00:15:45	Suborbital flight; same as MR-1.	Successful; cutoff overspeed caused overshoot of recovery area.

1961

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
MR-2	31 Jan.	Chimpanzee "Ham"	1,203	00:16:39	Suborbital flight; acquisition of physiological and performance data on a primate in flight; systems qualification tests.	Successful; early depletion of liquid oxygen triggered escape rocket, which yanked spacecraft 209 km beyond recovery area.
MA-2	21 Feb.	Unmanned	1,1541	00:17:56	Ballistic flight; same as MA-1.	Successful.
Korabl Sputnik IV2	9 Mar.	Simulated man and animals	4,700	01:30:001	Testing of structure and systems for manned flight; observation of effects of biological payload (1 dog, Chernushka [Blackie]; mice; guinea pigs).	Successful 1-orbit flight; upon recovery animal passengers were reported to be alive and well.
LJ-5A	18 Mar.	Unmanned	1,1411	00:23:48	Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-5.	Objectives not met; escape rocket ignited early,
MR-BD	24 Mar.	Unmanned	1,1411	00:08:23	Suborbital flight; evaluation of modifications to correct MR-1A and MR-2 malfunctions.	Successful.
Korabl Sputnik V2	25 Mar.	Simulated man and dog	4,695	01:30:001	Further test of structure and systems, including recovery of biological payload and the simulated cosmonaut "Ivan Ivanovich"(1 dog, Zvezdochka [Little Star]).	Successful.
Vostok 1 Kedr Cedar	12 Apr.	Gagarin	4,725	01:48:00	Placement of manned spacecraft into orbit; safe recovery of cosmonaut and craft.	Successful 1-orbit flight; first manned orbital flight.
MA-3	25 Apr.	Unmanned	1,1791	00:07:19	1-pass orbital flight; evaluation of all systems, network, and recovery forces.	Objectives not met; launch vehicle failed to follow roll program; escape system operated.
LJ-5B	28 Apr.	Unmanned	1,141	00:05:25	Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-5 and LJ-5A.	Successful.
MR-3 Freedom 7	5 May	Shepard	1,290	00:15:22	Suborbital flight; familiarization of man with space flight; evaluation of response and control of craft.	Successful; first American in space.
MR-4 Liberty Bell 7	21 July	Grissom	1,286	00:15:37	Suborbital flight; same as MR-3.	Successful; after water landing, premature hatch release caused craft to sink; astronaut recovered.
Vostok 2 Oryel Eagle	6 Aug.	Titov	4,731	25:18:00	Study effects of prolonged weightlessness on cosmonaut after 17 orbits of flight.	Successful 17½-orbit flight.
MA-4	13 Sept.	Unmanned	1,1791	01:49:20	1-pass orbital flight; same as MA-3.	Successful; circuit anomaly in control system caused landing 120 km uprange.
MA-5	29 Nov.	Chimpanzee "Enos"	1,331	03:20:59	3-pass orbital flight; qualification of all systems and network for orbital flight recovery.	Successful; control system malfunction terminated flight after 2 passes.

1962

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
MA-6 Friendship 7	20 Feb.	Glenn	1,355	04:55:23	3-pass orbital flight; evaluation of effects on and performance of astronaut in space.	Successful; first American to orbit earth; control system malfunction required manual retrofire and reentry.
MA-7 Aurora 7	24 May	Carpenter	1,349	04:56:05	3-pass orbital flight; same as MA-6 ; evaluation of spacecraft modifications and network.	Successful; horizon scanner circuit malfunction required manual retrofire; yaw error caused landing 402 km downrange; recovery in 3 hr.
Vostok 3 Sokol Falcon	11 Aug.	Nikolayev	4,723	94:09:59	Orbit of manned craft and precision recovery; orbit in close conjunction with Vostok 4.	Successful; transmitted live TV to Soviet ground stations; radio communication with Vostok 4; 64 orbits.
Vostok 4 Berkut Golden Eagle	12 Aug.	Popovich	4,729	70:43:48	Orbit in close conjunction with Vostok 3; same as Vostok 3.	Successful; first tandem flight; 48 orbits.
MA-8 Sigma 7	3 Oct.	Schirra	1,373	09:13:11	Six-pass orbital flight; same as MA-6 and MA-7 except for extended time.	Successful; partially blocked ECS coolant valve delayed stabilizing suit temperature until 2nd pass; on target recovery.

1963

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
MA-9 Faith 7	15 May	Cooper	1,376	34:19:49	22-pass orbital flight; evaluation of effects of a lengthier stay in space on man; verification of man as primary spacecraft system.	Successful; manual retrofire and reentry; on target landing.
Vostok 5 Yastreb Hawk	14 June	Bykovsky	4,720	119:06:00	Study of effect of prolonged flight on human organism; tandem flight with Vostok 6; improvement of spacecraft equipment and pilotage.	Successful; completed record 81 orbits; 48 tandem orbits.
Vostok 6 Chaika Seagull	16 June	Tereshkova	4,713	70:50:00	Study of effects of space flight on a woman; tandem flight with Vostok 5.	Successful; first woman to fly in space; completed 48-orbit flight in tandem with Vostok 5.
PA-1	7 Nov.	Unmanned	7,1773	00:02:45	Evaluation of Apollo escape configuration during pad abort.	Successful.

1964

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
GT-1	8 Apr.	Unmanned	3,187	04:50:00	Test of structural integrity of Gemini spacecraft and compatibility of Gemini and Titan II launch vehicle.	Successful; recovery not planned; reentered after 64th orbital pass and disintegrated.
A-001	13 May	Unmanned	26,2843	00:05:50	Determination of aerodynamic characteristics of launch escape system.	Successful.
AS-101	28 May	Unmanned	SM: 1,892 CM: 4,218	00:10:24	Demonstration of compatibility of spacecraft with launch vehicle in launch and exit trajectory and environment for Apollo earth orbital flights.	Successful; no recovery planned; craft reentered on 54th orbital pass and disintegrated.
AS-102	18 Sept.	Unmanned	SM: 1,882 CM: 4,299	00:10:21	Demonstration of compatibility of spacecraft with launch vehicle in launch and exit trajectory; determination of launch and exit environmental parameters; demonstration of alternate mode of escape-tower jettison.	Successful; no recovery planned; craft reentered on 59th orbital pass and disintegrated.
Cosmos 47	6 Oct.	Unmanned	5,3201	24:00:001	Unmanned precursor to Voskhod I.	Orbital data nearly identical to 12 Oct. Voskhod I flight.
Voskhod I Rubin Ruby	12 Oct.	Komarov Yegorov Feoktistov	5,320	24:17:03	Test of multiseat spacecraft; check of interaction of 3 cosmonauts; evaluation of medical findings on prolonged flight; test of soft-landing apparatus and shirtsleeve cabin environment.	Successful; 16-orbit flight.
A-002	8 Dec.	Unmanned	42,7883	00:07:23	Demonstration of launch vehicle performance and verification of abort capability in maximum dynamic pressure region.	Successful; CM recovered.

1965

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
GT-2	19 Jan.	Unmanned	3,122	00:18:16	Demonstration of adequacy of reentry heat protection equipment, structural integrity, and capability of craft and systems; evaluation of backup guidance steering signals.	Successful; except for fuel cell results as fuel cell was deactivated before lift-off because of malfunction.
Cosmos 57	22 Feb.	Unmanned	5,683	NA	Unmanned precursor to Voskhod II.	Orbital data somewhat similar to 18 Mar. Voskhod II flight; exploded in orbit.
Voskhod II Almaz Diamond	18 Mar.	Belyayev Leonov	5,683	26:02:17	Performance and evaluation of EVA; use of manual reentry system.	EVA successful; overshot landing area and landed in snow-covered forest area; crew was rescued.
GT-3 Molly Brown	23 Mar.	Grissom Young	3,225	04:52:31	Evaluation of manned flight in Gemini and its 2-man design; evaluation of worldwide tracking network; maneuvering in orbit; control of reentry flight-path and recovery area; evaluation of systems: prelaunch, launch, and recovery,	Successful; performed 2 out of 3 experiments; Grissom became 1st man to make 2nd space flight.
A-003	19 May	Unmanned	80,3723	00:05:03	Demonstration of performance of launch escape system in high-altitude region; demonstration of orientation of CM to a main-heatshield-forward attitude after abort.	Partially successful; required altitude not achieved; low-altitude conditions observed successfully.
GT-4	3 June	McDivitt White	3,574	97:40:01	Evaluation of effects of long exposure; demonstration of EVA; stationkeeping; rendezvous with detached 2nd stage.	Successful; rendezvous attempt abandoned because of excessive fuel consumption; 22-min EVA; computer malfunction necessitated ballistic reentry.
PA-2	29 June	Unmanned	CM: 4,940	00:01:52	Demonstration of capability of launch escape system to abort from launch pad and recover.	Successful.
GT-5	21 Aug.	Cooper Conrad	3,605	190:55:14	Evaluation of performance of rendezvous guidance and navigation systems using a rendezvous evaluation pod; confirmation of physiological endurance for lunar mission.	Successful except for rendezvous failure because of fuel-cell heater problem; longest manned space flight in time and distance (8 days); performed 16 of 17 experiments.
GT-7	4 Dec.	Borman Lovell	3,663	330:35:01	Demonstration of 14-day mission capability; rendezvous target for GT-6A; stationkeeping; evaluation of lightweight pressure suit.	Successful; accurate controlled reentry; performed 20 experiments.
GT-6A	15 Dec.	Schirra Stafford	3,546	25:51:24	Rendezvous with GT-7 ; stationkeeping; spacecraft systems tests.	Successful; first rendezvous in space.

1966

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
A-004	20 Jan.	Unmanned	63,4463	00:06:50	Demonstration of satisfactory launch escape system performance for an abort in the power-on tumbling boundary region; demonstration of structural integrity of launch escape system airframe structure during same period,	Successful.
Cosmos 110	22 Feb.	Animals	5,2001	528:00:001 (22 days)1	Evaluation of prolonged effects of radiation in space travel on the biological payload (2 dogs, Veterok [Breeze] and Ugolek [Blackie]).	Successful; reportedly a Soyuz-type reentry vehicle.
AS-201	26 Feb.	Unmanned	SM: 3,654 CM: 4,990	00:37:20	Demonstration of compatibility and structural integrity of spacecraft and Saturn IB configuration; evaluation of heatshield performance.	Successful; 1st flight separation of launch vehicle and production spacecraft; 1st SM burn and restart at altitude; 1st full flight test of Block I spacecraft.
Cosmos 111	1 Mar.	Unmanned	NA	48:00:00	Orbital data similar to manned flight.	Possible precursor flight to 23 Apr. 1967 Soyuz 1 flight.
GT-8	16 Mar.	Armstrong Scott	3,788	10:41:26	Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; EVA; docking practice.	Rendezvous and docking successful; unexpected roll and yaw motion prevented further activity and necessitated early return; EVA not performed; safe recovery.
GT-9A	3 June	Stafford Cernan	3,750	72:20:50	Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; EVA; docking practice.	Target vehicle had not been separated from its launch shroud, making docking impossible; 2-hr and 7- min EVA ; rendezvous as planned; controlled reentry; landed 0.7 km from target.
GT-10	18 July	Young Collins	3,763	70:46:39	Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; use of target vehicle propulsion system to rendezvous with 2nd target vehicle; EVA.	Successful; 2 EVA periods.
AS-202	25 Aug.	Unmanned	SM: 4,466 CM: 5,471	01:33:00	Flight test of production Apollo Block I type spacecraft using Saturn IB launch vehicle; demonstration of structural integrity and compatibility; evaluation of heatshield performance.	Successful.
GT-11	12 Sept.	Conrad Gordon	3,798	71:17:08	1st revolution rendezvous and docking; EVA; docking practice; maneuvers in docked configuration to high altitude.	Successful; reached record altitude of about 1,400 km above earth.
GT-12	11 Nov.	Lovell Aldrin	3,763	94:34:31	Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; 3 EVAs; tethered stationkeeping exercise; maneuvers.	EVA and rendezvous/ docking exercises successful; trouble with target vehicle prevented maneuvers; last Gemini flight.
Cosmos 133	28 Nov.	Unmanned	6,5751	48:00:001	Orbital data similar to manned flight.	Possible precursor flight to 23 Apr. 1967 Soyuz 1 flight.

1967

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Apollo 1	27 Jan.	Grissom White Chaffee	20,4121	-	Not a flight, but a plugs-out test at Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 34.	The 3 crewmembers were killed in a flash fire that swept through the spacecraft.
Cosmos 140	7 Feb.	Unmanned	6,5751	48:00:001	Orbital data similar to manned flight.	Possible precursor flight to 23 Apr. flight of Soyuz 1.
Cosmos 146	10 Mar.	Unmanned	22,7201	192:00:001	NA.	Alternatively identified as a precursor flight to either Zond or Soyuz.
Cosmos 154	8 Apr.	Unmanned	22,7201	48:00:001	Orbital data similar to manned flight.	Possible precursor to a later Soyuz flight.
Soyuz 1 Rubin Ruby	23 Apr.	Komarov	6,451	26:40:00	First manned test of the Soyuz spacecraft.	Because the spacecraft was experiencing movement around its axis upon reentry, the craft crash-landed when its parachute lines became tangled, killing the cosmonaut upon impact.
Cosmos 186	27 Oct.	Unmanned	6,5751	84:40:001	Demonstration of automatic docking of 2 Soyuz-type spacecraft (with Cosmos 188).	Successful 3½-hr docking period.
Cosmos 188	30 Oct.	Unmanned	6,5751	72:00:001	Demonstration of automatic docking of 2 Soyuz-type spacecraft (with Cosmos 186).	Successful 3½-hr docking period.
Apollo 4 AS 501	9 Nov.	Unmanned	CSM: 23,401 LTA: 13,381	08:37:09	Demonstration of integrity and compatibility of launch vehicle and Apollo spacecraft, stage separation, heatshield performance, support facilities, and recovery.	Successful; 1st flight of Saturn V launch vehicle.

1968

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Apollo 5 AS 204	22 Jan.	Unmanned	LM: 14,300	07:52:03	Verification of operation of LM and ascent propulsion systems and structure; evaluation of staging and launch vehicle performance.	Successful; first orbital test of LM; CSM replaced by dummy nose cone.
Zond 4	2 Mar.	Unmanned	22,7201	161:00:001	Flight check of Zond spacecraft.	Reentry vehicle similar to that of Soyuz reentry vehicle; Zond series identified by Soviets as fully capable of carrying a human crew around the moon.
Apollo 6 AS 502	4 Apr.	Unmanned	CSM: 25,138 LTA: 11,794	09:49:45	Demonstration of structural and thermal integrity and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft and stage separation; verification of operation of propulsion, guidance and control, and electrical systems; demonstration of mission support facilities.	Stage separation not achieved as planned; other objectives met.
Cosmos 212	14 Apr.	Unmanned	6,5751	120:00:001	Further demonstration of automatic rendezvous and docking (with Cosmos 213),	Successful.
Cosmos 213	15 Apr.	Unmanned	6,5751	120:00:001	Further demonstration of automatic rendezvous and docking (with Cosmos 212).	Successful.
Cosmos 238	28 Aug.	Unmanned	6,5751	72:00:001	Orbital data similar to manned flight.	Possible precursor flight to later Soyuz flights.
Zond 5	15 Sept.	Biological payload (?)	22,7201	162:24:00	Evaluation of effects of circumlunar flight on biological payload; demonstration of circumlunar flight and recovery of automatic spacecraft.	Successful; first Soviet water landing and recovery.
Apollo 7 AS 205	11 Oct.	Schirra Eisele Cunningham	CSM: 14,781	260:09:08	Demonstration of crew performance, rendezvous capability, and crew/vehicle/support facilities performance; qualification of heatshield.	Successful; rendezvous with Saturn IVB stage; 1st manned Apollo flight.
Soyuz 2	25 Oct.	Unmanned	6,3501	72:30:00	Target for Soyuz 3 rendezvous.	Successful.
Soyuz 3 Argon Argon	26 Oct.	Beregovoy	6,576	94:51:00	Perfection of rendezvous techniques in orbit; experiments with unmanned Soyuz 2.	Successful; performed automatic and manual rendezvous maneuvers.
Zond 6	10 Nov.	Biological payload (?)	22,7201	162:46:30	Cosmic ray experiment; determination of effects of flight on biological payload; circumlunar flight; lunar photography.	Successful.
Apollo 8 AS 503	21 Dec.	Borman Lovell Anders	CSM: 28,817 LTA: 9,026	147:00:42	Demonstration of performance in cislunar and lunar orbit environment; evaluation of crew performance in lunar orbit mission; demonstration of communications and tracking; high-resolution photography.	Successful; 1st manned lunar orbit; 1st manned Saturn V launch.

1969

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Soyuz 4 Amur	14 Jan.	Shatalov	6,626	71:23:00	Demonstration of rendezvous and manual docking of 2 manned spacecraft (with Soyuz 5).	Successful; performed docked maneuvers; overall volume = 18 cu. m.
Soyuz 5 Baykal Baikal	15 Jan.	Volynov Khrunov Yeliseyev	6,586	72:56:00	Demonstration of rendezvous and manual docking of 2 manned spacecraft; crew transfer by EVA to Soyuz 4.	Successful.
Apollo 9 AS 504 Gumdrop and Spider	3 Mar.	McDivitt Scott Schweickart	CSM: 26.801 LM: 14,575	241:00:.53	Demonstration of LM performance (propulsion, rendezvous, and docking capabilities); EVA and intervehicular crew transfer.	Successful.
Apollo 10 AS 505 Charlie Brown and Snoopy	18 May	Stafford Young Cernan	CSM: 28,834 LM: 13,941	192:03:23	Qualification of combined spacecraft in lunar environment; LM rendezvous and CM docking in lunar gravitational field; evaluation of lunar navigation.	Successful; first lunar orbital mission with complete Apollo spacecraft.
Apollo 11 AS 506 Columbia and Eagle	16 July	Armstrong Collins Aldrin	CSM: 28,807 LM: 15,103	195:18:35	Demonstration of lunar landing with manned Apollo spacecraft; "moon walk"; lunar photography.	Successful; first manned lunar landing; time on the moon = 21:36:20.9.
Zond 7	7 Aug.	Unmanned	22,7201	144:00:001	Further demonstration of circumlunar flight; lunar photography.	Successful.
Soyuz 6 Antey Antasus	l1 Oct.	Shonin Kubasov	6,578	118:42:00	Welding experiments in vacuum; biomedical experiments; stellar observations; photography; maneuvers with the Soyuz and 8 spacecraft.	Successful.
Soyuz 7 Buran Snowstorm	12 Oct.	Filipchenko Volkov Gorbatko	6,571	118:41:00	Same as Soyuz 6 (no welding planned); maneuvers with Soyuz 6 and 8 spacecraft.	Successful.
Soyuz 8 Granit Granite	13 Oct.	Shatalov Yeliseyev	6,647	118:50:00	Demonstration of service as a command ship for 3-craft maneuvers, illustrating capability for future space station construction; demonstration of ground control capability in multicraft situation.	Successful.
Apollo 12 AS 507 Yankee Clipper and Intrepid	14 Nov.	Conrad Gordon Bean	CSM: 28,838 LM: 15,235	244:36:25	Precise lunar landing; lunar exploration; scientific experiments in Ocean of Storms area.	Successful; time on the moon = 31:31:12.

1970

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Apollo 13 AS 508 Odyssey and Aquarius	11Apr.	Lovell Swigert Haise	CSM: 28,945 LM: 15,196	142:54:41	Performance of lunar mission at Fra Mauro; selenological inspection; experiments; development of working capability in lunar environment; lunar photography.	Nominal mission aborted because of an abrupt loss of SM cryogenic oxygen associated with a fire in 1 of the 2 tanks at about 56 hr GET; LM provided power and life support until transfer to CM for reentry.
Soyuz 9 Sokol Falcon	1 June	Nikolayev Sevastyanov	6,501	424:59:00	Acquisition of extensive observations on the effects of prolonged flight on both the crew and the spacecraft; performance of numerous course correction exercises.	Successful; longest manned flight in time to date; cosmonauts experienced abnormal blood pressure and color perception and fatigue upon landing but survived the long flight satisfactorily.
Zond 8	20 Oct.	Unmanned	22,7201	161:00:00	Further demonstration of circumlunar flight; lunar and planetary photography.	Successful; Soviets' second water recovery.
Cosmos 379	24 Nov.	Unmanned	6,5751	NA	Initial orbital data similar to Soyuz-type flight data but with a later lunar or interplanetary orbital launch platform.	Possible test of new lunar-type engine system.
Cosmos 382	2 Dec.	Unmanned	22,7201	NA	Orbital data. (Speculation has been made that this flight may have been a precursor to manned lunar flight.)	NA.

1971

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Apollo 14 AS 509 Kitty Hawk and Antares	31 Jan.	Shepard Roosa Mitchell	CSM: 29,240 LM: 15,264	216:01:58	Selenological inspection and sampling; development of capability to work in lunar environment; photographs of candidate exploration sights; experiments.	Basically successful; several minor problems prevented the lunar crew's performance of all objectives; time on the moon = 33:30:31.
Cosmos 398	26 Feb.	Unmanned	6,5751	NA	Initial orbital data similar to Soyuz-type flight data but with a later lunar or interplanetary orbital launch platform.	Possible test of new lunar-type engine system.
Salyut 1	19 Apr.	Unmanned	18,5971	-	Service as a space station for experiments and observation (to be manned by visiting Soyuz flight).	Successful; Soyuz 10 (Apr. 1971) and 11 (June 1971) crews visited Salyut 1; reentered atmosphere 11 Oct. 1971.
Soyuz 10 Granit Granite	23 Apr.	Shatalov Yeliseyev Rukavishnikov	6,5771	47:46:00	Test of new rendezvous and docking techniques (equipped with a docking collar).	Remained in docked position with Salyut 1 5 hr and 30 min; some speculation that crew had intended to enter station but could not because of malfunction.
Soyuz 11 Yantar Amber	6 June	Dobrovolskiy Patsayev Volkov	6,5771	570:22:00 (23+ days)	Occupation of the Salyut station and performance of extensive experiments, biological and astronomical; observation of spacecraft systems.	All flight objectives met successfully during 24-day stay on Salyut; crew was killed during landing procedures when a seal in the spacecraft failed before the ship entered earth's atmosphere; all scientific logs and films were recovered.
Apollo 15 AS 510 Endeavour and Falcon	26 July	Scott Worden Irwin	CSM: 30,370 LM: 16,430	295:11:53	Lunar inspection, survey, and sampling of materials in Hadley- Apennine region; experiments; evaluation of capability of lunar equipment during extended lunar surface stay.	Successful; used lunar rover during moon exploration; total lunar stay = 66:54:5 3; conducted 3 lunar EVA periods, plus 1 transearth coast EVA for a total of 19:47:00; 1 parachute failed on landing but the recovery was successful and the landing precise.
Cosmos 434	12 Aug.	Unmanned	6,5751	NA	Initial orbital data similar to Soyuz-type flight data but with later lunar or interplanetary orbital launch platform.	Possible test of new lunar-type engine system.

1972

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Apollo 16 AS 511 Casper and Orion	16 Apr.	Young Mattingly Duke	CSM: 30,395 LM: 16,445	265:51:05	Lunar inspection, survey, and materials sampling in Descartes region; experiments on lunar surface and in flight; photography.	Successful; total lunar stay = 71:02:13;lunar rover driven 26.7 km; lunar EVA periods totaled 20 hr and 14 min.
Cosmos 496	26 June	Unmanned	6,5751	NA	Performance of test flight to verify safety modifications to Soyuz breathing ventilation valve.	Successful; reentered 2 July.
Apollo 17 AS 512 America and Challenger	7 Dec.	Cernan Evans Schmitt	CSM: 30,369 LM: 16,456	301:51:59	Lunar survey and sampling of materials in Taurus-Littrow region; surface experiments and photography; in-flight experiments and photography.	Successful; last Apollo flight to the moon; lunar stay = 74:59:38; 3 lunar EVA periods totaled 22:05:04; traveled 35 km in lunar rover.

1973

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Salyut 2	3 Apr.	Unmanned	18,5971	-	Service as a space station for experiments and observations; perfection of design and onboard systems.	Not successful; suspected thruster problem caused craft to tumble out of control, resulting in a solar panel malfunction; reentered 28 May 1973.
Cosmos 557	11 May	Unmanned	18,5001	96:00:001	Orbital data. (Observers believed craft was Salyut failure; U,S.S.R. denies any relationship to manned program.)	Mission apparently completed in 4 days; craft reentered 22 May 1973.
Skylab 1 AS 513 and 212	14 May	Unmanned	74,783	-	Service as an orbiting space station in which to conduct experiments for lengthy periods of time by visiting crews.	Successful; manned by visiting crews from Skylab Mission 2 (May 1973), 3 (July 1973), and 4 (Nov. 1973); still in orbit.
Skylab 2 CSM 116 AS 206	25 May	Conrad Kerwin Weitz	CM: 6,076	672:49:49 (28+ days)	Operation of orbital workshop as a habitable space structure for up to 28 days; acquisition of medical data on crew for use in extending duration of manned flight; in-flight experiments.	Successful; crew made repairs to workshop damaged during launch (Skylab parasol); some difficulty in performing the docking procedure.
Cosmos 573	15 June	Unmanned	6,5751	NA	Performance of test flight to verify safety modifications to Soyuz breathing ventilation valve.	Successful; reentered 17 June.
Skylab 3 CSM 117 AS 207	28 July	Bean Garriott Lousma	CM: 6,085	1,427:09:04 (59+ days)	Acquisition of data for evaluating performance of unmanned workshop; reactivation of workshop; acquisition of medical data on the crew; inflight experiments.	Successful; all scientific objectives met; crew met with some motion sickness during first 3 visit days.
Soyuz 12 Uraliy Urals	27 Sept.	Lazarev Makarov	6,5771	47:16:00	Test of improved flight conditions; acquisition of spectrographic data of separate sections of the earth; evaluation of new space suit design.	Successful.
Cosmos 605	31 Oct.	Biological payload	5,5001	NA	Study of effects of space on living organisms (white rats, steppe turtles, insects, fungi); test of life-sustaining systems.	Successful; recovered 22 Nov.
Skylab 4 CSM 118 AS 208	16 Nov.	Carr Gibson Pogue	CM: 6,104	2,017:15:31 (84+ days)	Evaluation of performance of unmanned workshop and its reactivation; acquisition of extensive medical data from crewmembers; in-flight experiments.	Successful; last visit to Skylab; total mission visit time = 4,117:14:24; total mission flight time = 12,351:43:12; some initial problem with motion sickness; made extensive observations of Comet Kohoutek.
Cosmos 613	30 Nov.	Unmanned	6,5701	NA	Systems test of Soyuz to determine if craft could remain inactive in orbit and then be reactivated.	Successful; soft-landed 30 Jan. 1974.
Soyuz 13 Kavkaz Caucasus	18 Dec.	Klimuk Lebedev	6,5771	188:32:00	Observation of stars in the ultraviolet range using a special system of telescopes; survey of separate sections of earth's surface and acquisition of data; continuation of comprehensive verification of onboard systems; test of manual and automatic control and methods of autonomous navigation in various flight conditions.	Successful.

1974

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Cosmos 638	3 Apr.	Unmanned	6,5701	NA	Test of docking systems and rendezvous for ASTP.	Successful; reentered 13 Apr.
Cosmos 656	27 May	Unmanned	6,5701	NA	ASTP-related tests of Soyuz.	Successful; reentered 29 May.
Salyut 3	25 June	Unmanned	18,1441	-	Service as an unmanned orbital workshop to be visited and manned by Soyuz crews who will perform experiments and observations.	Successful; manned by Soyuz 14 (July 1974) crew; programmed reentry and disintegration on 24 Jan. 1975.
Soyuz 14 Berkut Golden Eagle	3 July	Popovich Artyukhin	6,5771	336:00:001	Test of Salyut's engineering system and energy supply; in-flight experiments.	Successful.
Cosmos 672	12 Aug.	Unmanned	6,5701	NA	ASTP-related tests of Soyuz.	Successful; reentered 18 Aug.
Soyuz 15 Dunay Danube	26 Aug.	Sarafanov Demin	6,5771	48:12:00	Docking with Salyut 3; onboard tests and inflight experiments.	Unsuccessful; night landing in adverse weather conditions; crew recovered.
Cosmos 690	22 Oct.	Biological payload	NA	NA	Tests of effects of radiation on animals (white rats); cesium 137 gamma ray source on board.	Successful; 21-day flight.
Soyuz 16 Buran Snowstorm	2 Dec.	Filipchenko Rukavishnikov	6,5771	142:24:00	Simulation of ASTP-type mission; U.S.- Soviet joint tracking exercise.	Successful.
Salyut 4	26 Dec.	Unmanned	18,1441	-	Unmanned orbiting space workshop to further test design, onboard systems, and equipment; scientific-technical studies conducted by visiting Soyuz crews.	Successful; manned by Soyuz 17 (Jan. 1975) crew.

1975

Name of spacecraft	Launch date	Occupant	Payload weight (kg)	Flight time (hr:min:sec)	Basic flight objectives	Summary of results
Soyuz 17 Zenit Zenith	11 Jan.	Grechko Gubarev	6,5771	720:00:001 (30 days)1	Extensive series of scientific and medical experiments onboard Salyut 4; observation of effects of prolonged weightlessness on man.	Successful; set Soviet record for time in space.
Soyuz anomaly Uraliy Urals	5 Apr.	Lazarev Makarov	6,5771	00:04:451	Visit to Salyut 4 space station.	Aborted shortly after launch because of launch vehicle malfunction; crew recovered safely near Gorno Altaisk (in Siberia near the People's Republic of China border); first manned mission abort.
Soyuz 18	24 May	Klimuk Sevastyanov	6,5771	1,512:00:001 (63 days)	Visit to Salyut 4 space station.	Successful; set Soviet record for time in space; landed 26 July.
Soyuz 19	15 July	Leonov Kubasov	7,0001	142:30:54 (5+ days)	Rendezvous and docking with U.S. Apollo crew; joint activities including crew transfer.	Successful; landed 21 July.
Apollo	15 July	Stafford Brand Slayton	CSM: 12,905 DM: 2,006	217:28:24 (9 days)	Rendezvous and docking with U.S.S.R. Soyuz crew; joint activities including crew transfer.	Successful; landed 24 July.

A - Apollo

AS - Apollo-Saturn

ASTP - Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

BD - Booster development

CM - Command module

CSM - Command and service module

DM - Docking module

ECS - Environmental control system

EVA - Extravehicular activity

GET - Ground-elapsed time

GT - Gemini-Titan

LJ - Little Joe

LM - Lunar module

LTA - Lunar test article

MA - Mercury-Atlas

MR - Mercury-Redstone

NA - Not available

PA - Pad abort

SM - service module

¹ Approximate.

² Sometimes called "spacecraft."

³ Test vehicle at launch.

Email darren@apolloexplorer.co.uk